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Jacob Pavlovich Adler (born Yankev P. Adler;〔(1999 ) p.xxiii, (1997 )〕 February 12, 1855 – April 1, 1926)〔IMDB biography〕 was a Jewish actor and star of Yiddish theater, first in Odessa, and later in London and in New York City's Yiddish Theater District.〔 Nicknamed "''nesher hagodl''",〔Nahshon 2001〕〔(1977 )〕 ("''the Great Eagle''"), ''Adler'' being the Yiddish for "eagle",〔〔 he achieved his first theatrical success in Odessa, but his career there was rapidly cut short when Yiddish theater was banned in Russia in 1883.〔〔(1999 ) p.98–102, 108, 114 ''et. seq.'' 222–225.〕 He became a star in Yiddish theater in London, and in 1889, on his second voyage to the United States, he settled in New York City.〔〔(1999 ) p.232–321.〕 Adler soon started a company of his own, ushering in a new, more serious Yiddish theater, most notably by recruiting the Yiddish theater's first realistic playwright, Jacob Gordin. Adler scored a great triumph in the title role of Gordin's ''Der Yiddisher King Lear'' (''The Jewish King Lear''), set in 19th-century Russia, which along with his portrayal of Shakespeare's Shylock would form the core of the persona he defined as the "Grand Jew".〔〔(1999 ) p.200–209, 321–325〕 Nearly all his family went into theater; probably the most famous was his daughter Stella, who taught method acting to, among others, Marlon Brando.〔(Stella Adler ) biography, Stella Adler Studio of Acting (official site). Accessed September 29, 2006.〕 ==Childhood and youth== Adler was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine). Adler's father Feivel (Pavel) Abramovitch Adler was a (rather unsuccessful) grain merchant. His mother, née Hessye Halperin, was a tall, beautiful woman, originally from a wealthy family in Berdichev. She became estranged from her family after divorcing her first husband (and leaving behind a son) to marry Adler's father. The marriage to a divorcée cost Feivel Adler (and therefore Jacob Adler) his status as a Kohen (priest). His paternal grandfather lived with them for some eight years; he was a pious man, and the family was much more observant of Jewish religious practices during the time he lived with them. However, according to Adler, the real patriarch of the family was his wealthy uncle Aaron "Arke" Trachtenberg, who would later be the model for his portrayal of roles such as Gordin's Jewish King Lear.〔(1999 ) p.5, 7, 9–10; ''ibid.'' p. 33 for status as Kohen.〕 Adler grew up with one foot in a traditional Jewish world and one in a more modern, European one. His granddaughter Lulla Rosenfeld writes, "Of the haskala (Enlightenment ) as an organized system of ideas, he probably knew little or nothing."〔(1999 ) p.xxiv〕 His education was irregular: as the family fortunes rose and fell, he would be sent to ''cheder'' (Jewish religious school) or to a Russian language county school, pulled out of school entirely, or have a private tutor for a few months. He wrote that "the sum of my learning was a little arithmetic, some Russian grammar, and a few French phrases."〔(1999 ) p.11–13, 18〕 He grew up with both Jewish and Christian playmates, but also survived a full-fledged pogrom around 1862.〔(1999 ) p.6–7〕 He played hooky; as a 12-year-old he started going to witness public floggings, brandings, and executions of criminals; later he would develop more of an interest in attending courtroom trials.〔(1999 ) p.13–14, 30〕 At 14 he began working in a textile factory, and soon rose to a white collar job there at a salary of 10 rubles a month, which would have been decent even for an adult.〔(1999 ) p.19〕 Still living at home, he began to frequent the disreputable district of Moldovanka. His first brush with stardom was that he briefly became a boxer, known as ''Yankele Kulachnik'', "Jake the Fist". He soon got bored with boxing, but not with his new connections to the "sons of rich fathers, attorneys without diplomas", etc. A good dancer, he became part of a crowd of young toughs who regularly crashed wedding parties. His local celebrity continued, with a reputation as Odessa's best can-can dancer.〔(1999 ) p.19–22; ''ibid.'', p.29 for ''Yankele Kulachnik''.〕 He left the factory, becoming a ''raznoschik'', a peddler; his memoir hints at back-door assignations with "servant girls and chambermaids"; by his own description, his life at this point was just a step from a life of crime. Through his uncle Arke, "a hot theater lover", he became interested in the theater, at first in the beauty of Olga Glebova and the cut of Ivan Kozelsky's clothes, but he had the good fortune to be in one of the great theater cities of his time.〔(1999 ) p.22–24〕 At 17 he became the leader of Glebova's claque, was working as a copyist for lawyers, and going out to a theater, a tavern, or a party every night.〔(1999 ) p.25, 29, 31〕 He would later draw on his own life at this time for his portrayal of Protosov in Tolstoy's ''The Living Corpse''.〔(1999 ) p.32〕 Over the next few years he had numerous love affairs, and was prevented from a love marriage with one Esther Raizel because his own dubious reputation compounded the taint of his mother's divorce. He survived another pogrom, but his family was financially ruined by the destruction of their possessions and the theft of their money.〔(1999 ) p.32–35〕 In writing about this period in his memoir, Adler mentions attending and admiring performances by Israel Grodner, a Brody singer and improvisational actor who would soon become one of the founders of professional Yiddish theater. A song of Grodner's about an old father turned away by his children would later be the germ of the idea for ''The Yiddish King Lear''. He writes that he would have become a Brody singer, like Grodner, except "I had no voice".〔(1999 ) p.36〕 This lack of a singing voice would be a major factor in the direction of his acting career: according to Rosenfeld, although Yiddish theater was long dominated by vaudevilles and operettas, "He was the only Yiddish actor to rely entirely on classics and translations of modern European plays."〔Lulla Rosenfeld, "The Yiddish", ''New York Times'', June 12, 1977. p. 205. (The quotation is in a continuation on p. 36.)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jacob Pavlovich Adler」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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